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問題詳情：

    In a recent series of experiments at the University of California, researchers studied toddlers’ thinking about winners and losers, bullies (欺凌) and victims.

In the first experiment, toddlers (學步兒童) watched a scene in which two puppets (木偶) had conflicting goals: One was crossing a stage from right to left, and the other from left to right. The puppets met in the middle and stopped. Eventually one puppet bowed down and moved aside, letting the other one pass by. Then researchers asked the toddlers which puppet they liked. The result: 20 out of 23 toddlers picked the higher-status puppet — the one that did not bow or move aside. It seems that individuals can gain status for being dominant (佔優勢的) and toddlers like winners better than losers.

But then researchers had another question: Do toddlers like winners no matter how they win? So, researchers did another experiment very similar to the one described above. But this time, the conflict ended because one puppet knocked the other down and out of the way. Now when the toddlers were asked who they liked, the results were different: Only 4 out of 23 children liked the winner.

These data suggest that children already love a winner by the age of 21-31 months. This does not necessarily mean that the preference is inborn: 21 months is enough time to learn a lot of things. But if a preference for winners is something we learn, we appear to learn it quite early.

Even more interesting, the preference for winners is not absolute. Children in our study did not like a winner who knocked a competitor down. This suggests that already by the age of 21-31 months, children’s liking for winners is balanced with other social concerns, including perhaps a general preference for nice or helpful people over aggressive ones.

In a time when the news is full of stories of public figures who celebrate winning at all costs, these results give us much confidence. Humans understand dominance, but we also expect strong individuals to guide, protect and help others. This feels like good news.

245．One of the purposes of the experiments is to ________.

A．teach toddlers how to gain higher status

B．offer toddlers a chance to watch a scene

C．observe the process of toddlers’ solving a conflict

D．find out toddlers’ attitude toward winners and losers

246．The toddlers regarded bowing and moving aside as a sign of ________.

A．obeying rules

B．gaining status

C．giving in to the other

D．showing good manners

247．What does the second experiment tell us about toddlers?

A．They are excellent learners.

B．They are always changeable.

C．They show mercy to the loser.

D．They value kindness over winning.

248．What does the author think of the results of the series of experiments?

A．Disappointing.                                           B．Encouraging.

C．Unexpected.                                              D．Controversial.

【回答】

245．D

246．C

247．D

248．B

【分析】

本文是一篇説明文，介紹了研究人員進行了一系列的試驗研究幼兒對贏家和輸家、欺凌者和受害者的態度。

245．細節理解題。根據第一段中的“researchers studied toddlers’ thinking about winners and losers, bullies (欺凌) and victims.”可知，研究人員研究了幼兒對贏家和輸家、欺凌者和受害者的看法，由此可知，試驗的其中一個目的是查明幼兒對贏家和輸家的態度，故D項正確。

246．細節理解題。根據第二段中的“The result: 20 out of 23 toddlers picked the higher-status puppet — the one that did not bow or move aside. It seems that individuals can gain status for being dominant (佔優勢的) and toddlers like winners better than losers.”可知，23名幼兒中有20名選擇了地位較高的玩偶，即不鞠躬也不讓開的玩偶，似乎每個人都可以通過佔優勢而獲得地位，幼兒更喜歡贏家而不是輸家，由此可知，幼兒把鞠躬和讓開看作是向對方屈服的標誌，故C項正確。

247．細節理解題。根據倒數第二段中的“Children in our study did not like a winner who knocked a competitor down. This suggests that already by the age of 21-31 months, children’s liking for winners is balanced with other social concerns, including perhaps a general preference for nice or helpful people over aggressive ones.”可知，第二個試驗中孩子不喜歡擊倒對方的贏家，這表明到21-31個月大時，孩子們對贏家的喜愛已經與其他社會問題相平衡，其中包括對友善或樂於助人的人的普遍偏愛，而不是好鬥的人，由此可知，第二個試驗表明21-31個月大的孩子看重友善勝過獲勝，故D項正確。

248．推理判斷題。根據最後一段中的“these results give us much confidence.”（這些結果給了我們很大的自信）及“This feels like good news.”（這聽起來是個好消息）可知，作者認為試驗結果是令人鼓舞的，故B項正確。

【點睛】

涉及到觀點態度的推理判斷題難度較大，文章一般不會直接標明作者的態度，需要我們根據措辭的褒貶來揣摩作者的態度，例如本篇第4題，根據最後一段中的“these results give us much confidence.”可知，這些結果給了我們很大的自信，再根據“This feels like good news.”可知，這聽起來是個好消息，“confidence”和“good”表明了作者認為試驗結果是令人鼓舞的。

知識點：人際交往

題型：閲讀理解